Spending by the central and local governments (地方公共団体), which is required by laws and regulations (法令) and which the central and local governments cannot decrease at their own discretion, is called mandatory spending (義務的経費). This spending includes personnel costs (人件費),...
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Let’s be real: even with the best intentions, AI systems can reflect our own unconscious biases. As Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky famously demonstrated in their groundbreaking work on Prospect Theory, humans are prone to cognitive biases that influence our…




